Viewpoint Dependence in Human Spatial Memory

We summarize two lines of research that investigated whether human spatial memories are viewpoint dependent (e.g., viewer-centered reference frames) viewpoint independent (e.g., scene-centered reference frames). In one series of experiments, participants made judgments of relative direction after viewing a Sl~ti~ _ I layout from one or two perspectives. The findings indicated that multiple views of a spatial layout produced multiple viewpoint dependent representations in memory. These findings were corroborated by the results of experiments on scene recognition. These experiments howed, again, that multiple views of a scene produced multiple viewpoint dependent representations in memory, an