Skylark optimal flight speeds for flying nowhere and somewhere

Flight is energetically very costly. For birds the mechanical power in relation to airspeed is characterized by a U-shaped function. From this function we can derive optimal flight speeds associated with minimum power (V,̂p), minimum cost of transport (V,̂.) and minimum overall time of migration (V^J. Since flight is energetically so costly, aerial displays and song flight can potentially serve as signals reliably indicating the individual quality or resource potential of the signaler. In order to maximize the amount of song flight produced, we expect Vmp during song flight, while during migration we rather expect V ̂,. or V,̂t. We compared flight speeds of skylarks (Alauda arvensis) during song flight and migration flight, respectively. In this species predicted Vmp = 5.5 m/s, V ^ = 10.5 m/s, and V ̂,t = 12.1 m/s. The preferred airspeed during song flight did not differ significantly from the predicted V ̂ , , while airspeed during migration was significantly higher than V ̂,. and Vml, indicating that flight speed is a flexible trait that birds adjust to different situations. Why the skylarks speed up so much on migration is still unclear, but it may be that due to the shape of the predicted power curve, variation in cost of transport at high speeds is relatively small. Key words: Alauda arvensis, Alaudidae, migration, optimal flight speed, skylark, song flight [Behav Ecol 7:121-126 (1996)] According to aerodynamic theory the total mechanicalpower needed to propel a bird through the air is char-acterized by a U-shaped curve (e.g., Greenewalt, 1975; Pen-nycuick, 1969, 1975; Rayner, 1979, 1986; Tucker, 1973). The shape of this function immediately gives optimality predic