North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24:749–760, 2004 q Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2004 The Importance of Beaver Ponds to Coho Salmon Production in the Stillaguamish River Basin, Washington, USA

Abstract.—The use of beaver Castor canadensis ponds by juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and other fishes has been well established. However, the population-level effects on coho salmon resulting from the widespread removal of millions of beaver and their dams from Pacific Coast watersheds have not been examined. We assessed the current and historic distributions of beaver ponds and other coho salmon rearing habitat in the Stillaguamish River, a 1,771-km2 drainage basin in Washington and found that the greatest reduction in coho salmon smolt production capacity originated from the extensive loss of beaver ponds. We estimated the current summer smolt production potential (SPP) to be 965,000 smolts, compared with a historic summer SPP of 2.5 million smolts. Overall, current summer habitat capacity was reduced by 61 % compared with historic levels, most of the reduction resulting from the loss of beaver ponds. Current summer SPP from beaver ponds and sloughs was reduced by 89 % and 68%, respectively, compared with historic SPP. A more dramatic reduction in winter habitat capacity was found; the current winter SPP was estimated at 971,000 smolts, compared with a historic winter SPP of 7.1 million smolts. In terms of winter habitat capacity, we estimated a 94 % reduction in beaver pond SPP, a 68 % loss in SPP of sloughs, a 9 % loss in SPP of tributary habitat, and an overall SPP reduction of 86%