\bung Children's Memory for the True and Pretend Identities of Objects

Two studies examined how children conceive of the true and pretend identities of an object used in object-substitution pretense. In each study, 3- and 4-year-olds were assessed for their memory for each identity of an object that they used in a previous episode of pretend play (Study 1) or observed someone else using (Study 2). More children correctly remembered the true than the pretend iden-tity of the objects, and there was no contingency between their tendency to remember each identity. Additionally, children's tendency to correctly specify each identity was related to their age and when (i.e., during or after the pretend episode) the task was given. The results were explained by factors affecting young children's ability to manage separate representations of true and pretend identities of objects. Children's pretense has been characterized as a form of counterfactual reasoning in which a reality is created that is an alternative to the one known or believed to be true (Au, 1992