Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) Indonesia

Decentralizing governance of natural resources has been a recurrent theme since the Rio Declaration in 1992. Since then a large number of countries have attempted to adapt their governance, especially integrated coastal management, to a decentralized and participatory process. A review of the experiences of organizations and governments in decentralizing their programs reveals a number of factors that can affect the outcomes that influence the objectives and sustainability of the resulting programs. These factors include: · the form of the decentralizing effort (de-centralize, delegate or devolve); · the capacity of local and national governments to manage the change; · the authority and accountability approach of the governance between the two levels of administration (coercive vs. cooperative, voluntary vs. mandatory), · the level of sustained commitment of the local authority to national program objectives; and, · the consistency of the programs between local governmental units