Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE Phase III data: Comparison with observations

The mass, heat and moisture budgets of a composite easterly wave over the eastern tropical Atlantic are analysed from simulations of a convection-resolving model (CRM). The large-scale data from the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) phase III are used to drive the CRM simulations. The simulated, composite easterly wave is reasonably comparable with the observed, except for the lack of shallow convection embedded in the simulated easterly waves. The mesoscale stratiform precipitation processes are found to be an inseparable component of cumulus convection embedded in the easterly waves. Their main differences from convective processes are twofold: ( I) the distinct vertical structures of the budget components due to mesoscale updraughts and downdraughts, and (2) the phase lags relative to the convective processes in the temporal evolution of the easterly waves. Thus, theoretical studies should include both convective and mesoscale stratiform precipitation processes in order to further understanding of diabatic processes in the dynamics of the easterly waves and possibly other waves in the tropics. In addition, the budget analysis presented in this study also provides some details for improving parametrizations of cumulus convection