Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics

ABSTRACT. Context. Although several risk factors for tobacco use have been implicated in the development of depression, smoking progression has typically been viewed as a consequence of depression. The results of limited longitudinal studies are controversial. Objective. To assess the nature and direction of the relationship between cigarette smoking and depression among teens. Design. Prospective analysis of baseline and 1-year follow-up data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Setting. In-home teen and parent interviews. Participants. Two samples were identified. For the first sample, 8704 adolescents who were not depressed at baseline based on CES-D scores were identified for anal