Behavioral Interaction Between Males

Male Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead) compete with one another for mates. The behavioral interactions between males for mates occur both on and off females. Males winning the first copulation do not exhibit apparent postcop-ulatory mate-guarding behaviors, and females accept subsequent copulations with losing males soon after separation. The duration of copulation when a second male is present is shorter than when only one male is present. However, females receive sufficient sperm for their life-time female progeny production in copulations disrupted artificially at 10 s (»1/5 of the regular copulation duration) under normal noncompetition situations. This suggests that shorter copulations because of male–male competition could still result in adequate sperm transfer. Larger males were not more successful in competition than small males, but male competitive ability decreased with age. KEY WORDS: mate competition; mating success; copulation; sperm transfer; biological control; parasitoid