TIE-RESPECTING BOOTSTRAP METHODS FOR ESTIMATING DISTRIBUTIONS OF SETS AND FUNCTIONS OF EIGENVALUES

ABSTRACT. Bootstrap methods are widely used for distribution estimation, al-though in some problems they are applicable only with difficulty. A case in point is that of estimating the distributions of eigenvalue estimators, or of functions of those estimators, when one or more of the true eigenvalues are tied. The m-out-of-n bootstrap can be used to deal with problems of this general type, but it is very sensitive to choice of m. In this paper we propose a new approach, where a tie diagnostic is used to determine the locations of ties, and parameter estimates are adjusted accordingly. Our tie diagnostic is governed by a probability level, β, which in principle is an analogue of m in the m-out-of-n bootstrap. However, the tie respecting bootstrap (TRB) is remarkably robust against choice of β. This makes the TRB significantly more attractive than the m-out-of-n bootstrap, where the value of m has substantial influence on the final result. The TRB can be used very generally, for example to test hypotheses about, or construct confidence regions for, the proportion of variability explained by a set of principal components. It is suitable for both finite-dimensional data and functional data