REVIEW Sacral insufficiency fractures: current concepts

Background Sacral insufficiency fractures (SIFs) are often overlooked in elderly patients presenting with low back and pelvic pain following no or minimal trauma. Objective The aim of this review is to raise awareness and outline the clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment of SIFs. Discussion Insufficiency fractures represent a special cate-gory of stress fractures that occur in bones with reduced mineral content and elastic resistance. SIFs, a well-defined subgroup of the latter group, are not uncommon, but lack of clinical suspicion results in many being undiagnosed. SIFs are set to become an important clinical entity of both social and economic significance as the Western population ages. Subtle clinical presentations and signs coupled with radiographic findings that can mimic other unrelated or overlapping conditions, such as sacroiliac joint infection, spinal stenosis and metastatic bone disease, often make SIF diagnosis a challenge. The aim of this review is to increase awareness among clinicians, highlighting SIFs as an important differential diagnosis to be considered when patients present with low back and pelvic pain and subsequently allow prompt management. The paper pro-vides an overview of epidemiology, anatomical con-siderations, relevant pathophysiology and risk factors, presenting symptoms and signs, investigations and imaging techniques, differential diagnoses and current treatment methods available for the management of SIFs