1 This essay is based on several of the theoretical parts of an earlier draft of 'Lessons for Latin America

. The essay reflects the state of research at the time of the conference, Spring 2004, which means that it does not yet include references to the 2nd edition of Pollitt & Bouckaert 2000, published in Fall 2004, which constitutes a significant contribution to the present discussion along the lines of the present argument. After the Fall of New Public Management (NPM) in general and specifically in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), in a world, a Europe and a region where we see the fundamental shift of emphasis from efficiency to effectiveness in Public Administration (PA) practice and discourse, we are aware of the need for capable State structures more than ever before.1 Such State structures, however, require – indeed, to a large extent consist of – quality PA, and this in turn requires – and again to a large extent consists of – quality Civil Service (CS), all of which does not come for free, or even cheaply. It is, in the end, the model of “Weberian ” PA, the bête noire of the NPM. The Weber label so given is highly problematic, as NPM presents a car-icature of it, and thus builds up a paper tiger (Samier 2001, p. 237, incl. N4), which is why “Weberian ” is put into quotation marks here. Max Weber himself did no