Policy Reviews A New Vanguard for the Environment: Grass-Roots Ecosystem Management as a New Environmental Movement

T he emergence of hundreds of rural, place-based, grass-roots ecosystem manage-ment (GREM) e†orts across the United States constitutes a new environmental movement that challenges the fundamental premises of existing natural resources and public lands institutions. T his article establishes GREM as qualitatively dis-tinct from prior American environmental movements and as a fundamentally di†er-ent approach to the environmental problematique, which relies on decentralization, collaboration, citizen participation, and a holistic worldview that seeks to simulta-neously promote environment, economy, and community. GREM is compared with the three major American environmental movementsÈpreservation, conservation, and contemporaryÈalong several dimensions: ideology, movement character, pre-ferred institutions, and approach of each to science, technology, and the question of limits to growth. W hile not all aspects of GREM are new, it is a grand synthesis that borrows readily from past movements, adds new ideas and approaches to environmental management, and transforms the whole into a distinctive movement worthy of study