Classification of Hyperspectral Images With Regularized Linear Discriminant Analysis

Abstract—This paper analyzes the classification of hyperspec-tral remote sensing images with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in the presence of a small ratio between the number of training samples and the number of spectral features. In these particular ill-posed problems, a reliable LDA requires one to introduce regularization for problem solving. Nonetheless, in such a challenging scenario, the resulting regularized LDA (RLDA) is highly sensitive to the tuning of the regularization parameter. In this context, we introduce in the remote sensing community an efficient version of the RLDA recently presented by Ye et al. to cope with critical ill-posed problems. In addition, several LDA-based classifiers (i.e., penalized LDA, orthogonal LDA, and uncorrelated LDA) are compared theoretically and experimentally with the standard LDA and the RLDA. Method differences are highlighted through toy examples and are exhaustively tested on several ill-posed problems related to the classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images. Experimental results confirm the effective-ness of the presented RLDA technique and point out the main properties of other analyzed LDA techniques in critical ill-posed hyperspectral image classification problems. Index Terms—Hyperspectral images, ill-posed problem, image classification, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), regularization. I