'Ac u. •,, 547-558. Cross-Level Inference and Organizational Research: Perspectives on Interpretation and Application^

In a discussion ofthe concept of cross-level inference as it relates to organiza-tional research, emphasis is placed on a description of basic issues and multi-level analytical approaches related to cross-level concerns. A focused review is provided of several substantive organizational research areas for which multilevel logic is relevant. It is suggested that in certain areas-organizational climate, leadership, job design, and organizational properties—multilevel conceptualizations provide a more expansive, in-tegrative perspective of organizational phenomena. Cross-level inference has been the subject of a growing number of research studies and review