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The establishment of some non-native species may be aserious threat to native species diversity, ecosystem integrity, and human welfare (Lodge et al. 2006). Thus, control of non-native species, particularly those catego-rized as noxious, in non-croplands has become a high pri-ority for land managers and a strong driver of the basic and applied research of the past decade (D’Antonio et al. 2004; Figure 1) The Ecological Society of America’s recent posi-tion paper on biological invasions outlined six actions that the federal, state, and local governments should take to reduce damage from current and future invasions (Lodge et al. 2006). Although the increasing concern over invasive species may be justified (NRC 2002), so too is concern that con-trol practices aimed at eradication of non-native plant species may lead to considerable non-target impacts an