Rate Actuation in Nanoporous Gold/Polyaniline Composites

etallic muscles1,2 made of nano-porous metals with high surface area-to-volume ratios offer a unique combination of relatively large strain ampli-tudes, low operating voltages, high stiffness, and strength.3 The challenge to their fur-ther development in viable applications can be considered three-fold but principally con-cerns the aqueous electrolyte that is needed to inject electronic charge in the space-charge region at the nanoporous metal/electrolyte interface.1 Clearly, an aqueous electrolyte lim-its the usage of metallic muscles to wet environments, whereas most of the practical applications require artificial muscles that ca