Particle Swarm Optimization: Basic Concepts, Variants and Applications in Power Systems Yamille del Valle, Student Member, IEEE, Ganesh Kumar Venayagamoorthy, Senior Member, IEEE,

Abstract—Many areas in power systems require solving one or more nonlinear optimization problems. While analytical methods might suffer from slow convergence and the curse of dimensionality, heuristics-based swarm intelligence can be an efficient alternative. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), part of the swarm intelligence family, is known to effectively solve large-scale nonlinear optimization problems. This paper presents a detailed overview of the basic concepts of PSO and its variants. Also, it provides a comprehensive survey on the power system applications that have benefited from the powerful nature of PSO as an optimization technique. For each application, technical details that are required for applying PSO, such as its type, par-ticle formulation (solution representation), and the most efficient fitness functions are also discussed. Index Terms—Classical optimization, particle swarm optimiza-tion (PSO), power systems applications, swarm intelligence. I