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bio)c trol s Next, it is illustrated how the obtained optimal profiles can be exploited in the characterization of nearly optimal control sequences in ences in which fed-batch processes are predominant viewpoint, fed-batch processes are quite challenging, since the optimization of the substrate feed rate is a dynamic problem [26]. Unlike the continuously stirred under control (see also [5]). Control opportunities in fed-process variables which are needed in advanced control algorithms. Therefore, the earliest attempts at control of a biotechnological process used no model at all. Suc-cessful state trajectories from previous runs which had been stored in the process computer were tracked using open-loop control. Many industrial fermentations ar