Can macrophytes be useful in biomanipulation of lakes? The Lake

Key words: lake biomanipulation, submerged macrophytes, filamentous green algae, phosphorus and nitrogen cycling Lake Zwemlust (area 1.5 ha, Z m 1.5 m) has been the object of an extensive limnological study since its biomanipulation involving removal of planktivorous fish (bream) in March 1987 and emptying of the lake. In the subsequent summer period of 1987 the Secchi depth increased to the lake bottom (2.5 m), compared with ca 30 cm in the earlier summers. The reaction of submerged macrophytes to improving under-water light climate was rapid. In summer 1987, besides the introduced Chara globularis, 5species of submerged macrophytes occurred and colonized 10~o f the lake area. In 1988 and 1989 only quantitative changes were observed; new species did not appear, but the area colonized by macrophytes increased by 7 and 10 times, respectively. Elodea nuttallii was dominant among the macrophytes and Mougeotia sp. among the filamentous green algae. Their abundance, contributed to transient N-limination of phytoplankton causing a persistent clear water phase in 1988 and 1989, unlike in 1987 when zooplankton grazing contributed chiefly to the water clarity. Laboratory bioassays on macrophytes confirmed nitrogen limitation