Lobes

taining and manipulating information, has been one of the most studied topics in cognitive psychology and cog-nitive neuroscience. It is fundamental to the performance of many cognitive tasks and day-to-day activities: imag-ining how an object might look from a different perspec-tive, remembering a phone number while taking some-thing out of the oven, solving a math problem “in your head, ” or planning the next move in a chess game, to give just a few examples. WM is sometimes conceptualized as an active workspace because it is closely linked with the voluntary allocation of attention. The study of WM is cen-tral to understanding how memory and thought work. Models of Working Memory Baddeley (1992) and colleagues have given one of the clearest conceptualizations of WM. They proposed two basic subsystems for maintaining information—the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad, for remembering verbal and visual information, respec-tively. These subsystems are further subdivided into pas-sive storage and active rehearsal mechanisms. Manipu-lation of information held in WM is accomplished by a third, central executive system. Most broad architectures of human cognition incorporate some version of this framework. In this meta-analysis, we are concerned with the neural basis of WM