Managed care constraints on psychiatrists' hospital practices: bargaining power and professional autonomy

Objective: The increasing involvement of insurers and hospitals in monitoring patient care is encroaching on the psychiatrist’s autonomy in making clinical decisions. This study examined the prevalence of constraints on psychiatric inpatient practices, as well as how characteristics of psychiatrists affect the type and the degree of these external pressures. Method: About 2,500 psychiatrists with active hospital affiliations were surveyed by mail, as a subset of APA ‘s 1988 national survey of psychiatrists. They were questioned about whether the hospital or insurers had pressured them to change their inpatient practices or had attempted to discourage admission of certain types ofpatients. Characteristics of the psychiatrists ’ background, available from the main survey, were used as independent variables in a set ofregression models, with frequency of different constraints as the dependent variables. Results: More than three quarters of those sur-veyed reported pressure from insurers for early discharge; nearly two-thirds said hospitals limited length of stay; and about half had been discouraged from admitting severely ill patients, the uninsured, or Medicaid recipients. Characteristics ofpsychiatrists, such as length oftime in prac-tice, income, sex, and medical school education outside the United States, were associated with the prevalence of external pressures. Conclusions: Constraints on psychiatrists ‘ practices ar