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Rural poverty and malnutrition in most African countries can probably be successfully alleviated only with accelerated agricultural growth. However, agricultural growth alone cannot assure higher living standards for the rural poor, because a large share of this population's income is derived from outside the agricultural sector(although demand for non-agricultural goods and services may be influenced by changes in agricultural sector incomes). In this lecture, Joachim von Braun addresses Africa's food security, poverty, and nutrition problems, with particular emphasis on the importance of non-agricultural incomes. He identifies and diccusses the opportunities and limitations for solving Africa's rural poverty problem through both the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Related issues are discussed in other lectures of this series (see the list of lectures in the back of this publication). Per Pinstrup-Anderse