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with attribution to the Urban Institute. The Urban Institute is a nonprofit, nonpartisan policy research and educational organization that examines the social, economic, and governance problems facing the nation. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Urban Institute, its trustees, or its funders. Special thanks to Anna Danziger who provided very helpful research assistance for this paper. We wish to thank Olivia Golden, Ruth Friedman and Wade Horn for their thoughtful responses to ou