Analysis and Reduction of Signal Readout Circuitry Temporal Noise in CMOS Image Sensors for Low-Light Levels

Abstract—In this paper, analytical noise analysis of correlated double sampling (CDS) readout circuits used in CMOS active pixel image sensors is presented. Both low-frequency noise and thermal noise are considered. The results allow the computation of the output rms noise versus MOS transistor dimensions with the help of SPICE-based circuit simulators. The reset noise, the influence of floating diffusion capacitance on output noise and the detector charge-to-voltage conversion gain are also considered. Test circuits were fabricated using a standard 0.7 m CMOS process to validate the results. The analytical noise analysis in this paper emphasizes the computation of the output variance, and not the output noise spectrum, as more suitable to CDS operation. The theoretical results are compared with the experimental data. Index Terms—Active pixel sensors, CDS, CMOS image sensors, noise. I