First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Teh Ying Wah for his help and support throughout this research. As well as, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my beloved parents, Dr. Al-Dujaily, Amal and Dr. Al-Fallogi Mohamed J. for their emotional, spiritual and financial support, and for their endless encouragement and love. Specifically, I would like to dedicate a deepest thankfulness to my dearest Brother Mr. Al-Fallogi, Haidar, for his precious help, encouragement and support. I would never been able to finish this project without him. Moreover, a would like to devote a special thanks to my real friends, who stood by me all the way along iii Undoubtedly, the universal recognition of we...