Loops

communication and digital signal processing. In a traditional loop filter the product between loop noise bandwidth and integration time (BLT) should remain well below unity in order to ensure the stability of the loop. This constraint, required for having a stable loop, significantly limits the maximum integration time and/or noise bandwidth. The current methodology in designing digital tracking loop filters mostly relies on transforming a continuous-time system into a discrete-time one. This transform, from the S-domain to Z-domain, is done by means of Laplace to Z-domain mappings, such as the bilinear transform. In these cases, the digital loops will be equivalent to its analog counterpart only if BLT is close to zero (Stephen